Technical Thesaurus oil & gas
Letter
Sacrificial anode
A ring or slab of metal placed on a key part of an underwater structure
in order to protect it from corrosion; the sea water attacks the anode rather
than the structure.
Safety belt
A safety harness used by the derrick man when working on the
monkeyboard.
Sales in place
Estimate of Security Exchange Commission (USA) reserve sold while in the
ground, to another party.
Salt column
A column of salt which has broken through overlying formations.
Salt dome
A dome of salt that has broken through overlying formations.
Salt dome trap
A trap produced by an impervious salt dome.
Salt gel
See attapulgite.
Salt pillow
A mass of salt that has risen up under overlying formations, causing
them to bulge upwards, but which has not actually broken through.
Salt pillow trap
A form of anticlinal trap produced by a pillow of salt forcing the
overlying rocks upwards into a dome.
Samples
1. The well cuttings obtained at designated footage intervals during
drilling. From an examination of these cuttings, the geologist determines the
type of rock and formations being drilled and estimates oil and gas content. 2.
Small quantities of well fluids obtained for analysis.
Sampling
The process of obtaining a small quantity of material which is as
representative as possible of the total volume.
Sand
An abrasive material composed of small quartz grains formed from the
disintegration of pre-existing rocks. Sand consists of particles less than two
millimetres and greater than 1/16 of a millimetre in diameter.
Sand line
A wireline (cable) used on a drilling rig to raise and lower the bailer
or sand pump in the well bore. Logging devices and other light-weight equipment
are also lowered into the hole on the sand line.
Sanded up
A well clogged by sand that has drifted and washed into the well bore ,
from the producing formation by the action of the formation fluid.
Sandstone
A type of rock composed primarily of quartz grains.
Satellite link
A communications system whereby a signal is passed between two points
via an Earth satellite.
Satellite navigation
A positioning method using satellites.
Saturated hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon with no unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds in its
molecule.
Saturation diving
A technique whereby divers work and live under high pressure for long
periods instead of undergoing decompression after every job.
SBL
Short baseline. Generally used to define medium range acoustic
positioning systems.
Scratcher
A device fastened to the outside of casing that removes the mud cake
from the wall of the hole to condition the hole for cementing. By rotating or
moving the casing string up and down as it is being run into the hole, the
scratcher, formed of stiff wire, removes the cake so that the cement can bond
solidly to the formation.
Scrubbing
Purification of a gas or liquid by washing it in a tower.
Sea floor housekeeping
The procedure whereby an oil company carries out regular inspections of
the sea-bed to detect (and subsequently recover) any potentially harmful
debris.
Sea level datum
A determination of mean sea level that has been adopted as a standard
datum of heights although it may differ from a later determination over a
longer period of time.
Seal
An impermeable rock overlaying an oil or gas reservoir which prevents
the migration of fluids from the reservoirs. Also referred to as cap rock.
Sealant polymer
A polymer added to drilling mud in order to make a porous formation
impermeable.
Sealed bid auction
An auction in which the competing parties submit confidential bids by a
specified date; sometimes known as a blind auction.
Secondary cementing
Any cementing operation after the primary cementing operation. Secondary
cementing includes a plug-back job, in which a plug of cement is positioned at
a specific point in the well and allowed to set. Wells are plugged to shut off
bottom water or to reduce the depth of the well for other reasons. See primary
cementing and squeeze cementing.
Secondary migration
Long globules of oil are forced through pore spaces in the rock by the
force of moving water. It is usually forced upwards being lighter than water
until it emerges at the surface or is trapped under a cap rock to form an
accumulation of oil or gas.
Secondary recovery
Recovery of oil and gas from a reservoir by artificially maintaining or
enhancing the reservoir pressure by injecting gas, water or other substances
into the reservoir block.
Sector
An area of the continental shelf in which the mineral rights belong to
one particular State.
Sector scan sonar
A horizontal aperture sonar used to detect obstructions ahead of the
vessel by mechanical or electronic scanning in the horizontal plane.
Sedimentary basin
An area in which thick layers of sedimentary rocks have been laid down
over a long period of time.
Sedimentary rocks
Rocks laid down by the accumulation of sediments at the bottom of a sea,
lake, river, or swamp.
Sediments
Loose material that is laid down at the bottom of a sea, lake, river, or
swamp.
Seismic
An acoustic method using a source and multichannel recording to compile
sections or profiles under the earth or sea-bed; one of the main geophysical
methods on land and sea; (e.g. high resolution, 3D, VSP, refraction).
Seismic exploration
An exploration technique involving the use of seismic methods. See
seismic survey.
Seismic reflection
The study of the shallower internal structure of the earth by generating
acoustic waves and registering their reflection from subsurface layers.
Seismic survey
A technique for determining the detailed structure of the rocks
underlying a particular area by passing acoustic shock waves into the strata
and detecting and measuring the reflected signals.
Seismograph
A device that detects reflections of vibrations in the earth, used in
prospecting for probable oil-bearing structures. Vibrations are created by
discharging explosives in shallow boreholes, by striking the surface with a
heavy blow, or by generating low-frequency sound waves. The type and velocity
of the vibrations as recorded by the seismograph indicate the general
characteristics of the section of earth through which the vibrations pass.
Self-sufficiency
The situation that arises when oil companies operating within a given
nation's boundaries produce enough oil or gas to meet the nation's domestic
needs.
Semi-submersible drilling rig
A floating, offshore drilling structure that has hulls submerged in the
water but not resting on the sea floor. Living quarters, storage space, and so
forth are assembled on the deck. Semi-submersible rigs are either self-
propelled or towed to a drilling site and either anchored or dynamically
positioned over the site, or both. Semi-submersibles are more stable than
drillships and are used extensively to drill wildcat wells in rough waters such
as the
Sensible heat
The amount of heat required to raise or lower the temperature of a
substance without a change of state occurring.
Separation plant
See processing plant.
Separators
Processing equipment which splits the wellhead fluid into separate oil,
water and gas streams.
Set casing
To run and cement casing at a certain depth in the well bore. Sometimes,
the term set pipe is used when referring to setting casing.
Settling pit
The mud pit onto which mud flows and in which heavy solids are allowed
to settle out. Often auxiliary equipment (as desanders) must be installed to
speed this process.
Severe tropical cyclone
A tropical cyclone with winds exceeding 63 knots (storm force). Also
known as typhoon or hurricane.
Shaker
Shortened form of shale shaker. See shale shaker.
Shaker pit
The mud pit adjacent to the shale shaker, usually the first pit into
which the mud flows after returning from the hole.
Shale
A fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of consolidated silt and clay
or mud. Shale is the most frequently occurring sedimentary rock.
Shale shaker
A vibrating or rotating screen which removes the coarse drill cuttings
ii: from the drilling mud prior to its recirculation.
Shaped charge
A relatively small container of high explosive that is loaded into a
perforating gun. Upon detonation, the charge releases a small, high-velocity
stream of particles (a jet) that penetrates the casing, cement, and formation.
See gun perforator.
Shear ram
The components in a blowout preventer that cut, or shear, through drill
1 pipe and form a seal against well pressure. Shear rams are used in mobile
offshore drilling operations to provide a quick method of moving the rig away
from the hole when there is no time to trip the drill stem out of the hole.
Sheave
(Pronounced "shiv") A grooved pulley.
Shims
Thin sheets of metal used to adjust the fit of a bearing or to level a
unit of equipment on its foundation. For fitting a bearing, a number of very
thin (.001 to .30-inch) shims are put between the two halves of the bearing
(between the box and cap). Shims are added or removed until the bearing fits
properly on the journal.
Ship's aft draught
The depth measured from the sea level to the deepest submerged
rear/stern part of a ship.
Ship's articles
The agreement between the master and his crew, giving details of
conditions and terms.
Ship's forward draught:
The depth measured from the sea level to the deepest submerged forward
part of a ship.
Ship's list
The degree of inclination/lean measured along the width of the ship with
reference to the vertical, in balancing a vessel.
Ship's trim
The degree of inclination measured along the length of the ship with
reference to the sea level, in balancing a vessel.
Shock sub
A joint in the drilling string located above the bit to absorb and
prevent any vibrations from affecting the drill bit (same functions as a shock
absorber).
Shot
A small explosion used to produce shock waves during a seismic survey.
Show
An indication of oil or gas from an exploratory well.
Shut-down
To stop work temporarily or to stop a machine or operation.
Shut-in bottomhole pressure
The pressure at the bottom of a well when the surface valves on the well
are completely closed. The pressure is caused by fluids that exist in the
formation at the bottom of the well.
Shuttle helicopter
A small helicopter used to transfer regular personnel between the
various structures on a large offshore field.
Shuttle Tanker
An oil tanker which makes regular round trips between a producing field
and an onshore terminal or refinery.
Side door elevators
Casing or tubing elevators with a hinged latch that opens on one side to
permit it to be fastened around the pipe and secured for hoisting.
Sidetrack drilling
A remedial operation which results in the creation of a new section of
well bore for the purpose of detouring around "junk", redrilling a
lost hole or straightening key seats and crooked holes. Also called
sidetracking.
Sidewall coring
A coring technique in which core samples are obtained from a zone that
has already been drilled. A hollow bullet is fired into the formation wall to
capture the core and then retrieved on a flexible steel cable. This method is
especially useful in soft rock areas.
Sidewell cores
Cylindrical sections of rock or sediments obtained by shooting hollow
cylinders of steel into the wall of the well bore and subsequently recovering
them together with their contents.
Sight glass (gauge glass)
A glass pipe connected vertically to the side of a tank for measuring
liquid levels.
Significant facility
Group of equipment that have a significant role on a platform/plant to
facilitate functioning (e.g., train, rig, test separator, etc.).
Silt
Materials that exhibit little or no swelling whose particle size
generally falls between 2 microns and API sand size, or 74 microns (200-mesh).
Simple interest
Interest calculated on the basis of the principal (sum originally
borrowed) only.
Single
A joint of drill pipe. Compare double, thribble, and fourble.
Single buoy mooring (SBM)
See exposed location single buoy mooring.
Single point mooring (SPM)
See exposed location single buoy mooring.
Site survey
Mandatory sea-bed and subsurface investigation of proposed offshore
drilling locations. It usually involves an analogue survey (bathymetry, sonar
imagery and shallow profiling), a high resolution seismic survey (mainly for
gas hazard identification) and often a simple coring/sampling programme.
Skid mounted
Refers to a pumping unit or other oil field equipment that has no
permanent or fixed foundation but is welded or bolted to metal runners or
timber skids. Skid-mounted units are usually readily movable by pulling as a
sled or by hoisting onto a truck.
Skidding the rig
Moving a rig from the location of a lost or completed hole preparatory
to starting a new hole with little or no dismantling of equipment.
Skimmer
An anti-pollution device rather like a large vacuum cleaner which sucks
oil from the surface of the sea.
Slack off
To lower a load or ease up on a line.
Slick
See oil slick.
Slick line
A solid steel wire used for wireless operations; also called piano wire.
See wireline.
Slim hole drilling
A slim hole will be defined as a well in which 90 per cent or more of
the length has an open hole diameter of seven inches (
Sling
A wire loop for use in lifting heavy equipment.
Slip joint
A special sleeve-Iike section of pipe run in the drill string to absorb
the vertical motion of a floating drilling platform caused by wave action.
Slippage
Occurrence in two-phase flow when the heavier phase (liquid) is by
passed by the lighter phase (gas).
Slips
Steel wedges which are forced into the tapered opening of the drilling
table to hold the free end of the drill pipe in place.
Slips
Stell wedges which are forced into the tapered opening of the drilling
table to hold the free end of the drill pipe in place.
Sloughing
The partial or complete collapse of the walls of a hole resulting from
incompetence, unconsolidated formations, high angle or repose, and wetting
along internal bedding planes.
Slurry
A plastic mixture of cement and water that is pumped into a well to
harden; there it supports the casing and provides a seal in the well bore to
prevent migration of underground fluids.
Slush pumps
See mud pumps.
Smectite
See bentonite.
Snubbing
The procedure of running pipe or casing into the well while the well is
exerting pressure on the surface equipment.
SOLAS
The Safety Of Life At Sea convention is governed by the International
Maritime Organisation (IMO) and deals with all safety equipment requirements
for ships at sea.
Soluble
Capable of being dissolved, usually in water, unless another solvent is
specified.
Solution gas drive
A primary recovery process in which oil is driven out of a reservoir by
the natural pressure exerted by the dissolved gas.
Sonar
A technique whereby underwater objects are located by bouncing sound
waves off them and detecting the reflected signals; also used to measure pipe
wall thickness.
Sonic logging
The recording of the time required for a sound wave to travel a specific
distance through a formation. Difference in observed travel times is largely
caused by variations in porosities of the medium, an important determination.
The sonic log, which may be run simultaneously with a spontaneous potential log
or a gamma-ray log, is useful for correlation and often is used in conjunction
with other logging services for substantiation of porosities. It is run in an
uncased hole.
Sound velocity
The rate of motion at which sound energy moves through a medium. The
velocity of sound in sea water is a function of temperature, salinity, and the
changes in pressure associated with changes in depth. An increase in any of
these factors tends to increase the velocity.
Sour gas
Natural or associated gas with a high sulphur content.
Source
Device generating acoustic impulses, namely profiling or seismic system
components like bombers or airings.
Source rock
The rock in which oil or natural gas originates.
Sourcrude
Crude oil with a high sulphur content.
Spar
A floating on-field storage tank into which oil flows from a production
platform prior to being transferred to a tanker for shipping ashore.
Sparger
A sprinkler device. Usually applies to devices for distributing gases or
air in liquids.
Sparkler
A medium to high energy acoustic profiling source; towed subsurface or
deep; data is recorded in analogue or digital mode; penetration: tens to
hundreds of metres; now generally falling into disuse.
SPE
Society of Petroleum Engineers
Spear
A fishing tool used to retrieve pipe lost in a well. The spear is
lowered down the hole and into the lost pipe, and when weight, torque, or both
are applied to the string to which the spear is attached, the slips in the
spear expand and tightly grip the inside of the wall of the lost pipe. Then the
string, spear, and lost pipe are pulled to the surface. See fishing tool.
Speciality chemical
A chemical made in a relatively small quantity for a particular
application.
Specific gravity
The ratio of the density of a substance at a particular temperature to
the density of water at four degrees C.
Speed made good
The actual velocity of the ship along a course measured in relation to
the ocean bottom or the fixed objects ashore.
Speed of propagation
The speed with which waves of energy travel through or along a medium
other than a specially constructed path.
Speed of sound
The speed of propagation of sound waves.
Sphere
A spherical device inserted in a pipeline for the purpose of sweeping
the line clean of water, liquid hydrocarbons, rust or other foreign matter. See
pig.
Spheroid
An ellipsoid, a figure resembling a sphere. In geodesy this term is
frequently used to mean Reference Spheroid, being the shape of the Earth
defined by a Datum.
Spider
The hinged, latching device attached to the elevators (the hoisting arms
that lift pipe and casing in the derrick). Elevator-spider is a unit, and is
attached to the travelling-block hook for hoisting pipe, casing and tubing out
of the hole and lowering in. The spider is manually locked around a length of
tubing just below the tool joint. Some advanced types of elevator spiders are
air operated.
Spillage
An accidental release of oil, or another liquid.
Spin up
To screw one stand of drill pipe or tubing rapidly into another with a
spinning chain. After making up the joint in this manner, the heavy pipe tongs
are applied to make the joint tight.
Spinning cathead
A spooling attachment on the make up cathead to permit use of a spinning
chain to spin up or make up drill pipe. See spinning chain.
Spinning chain
A Y -shaped chain used to spin up (tighten) one joint of drill pipe into
another. In use, one end of the chain is attached to the tongs, another end to
the spinning cathead , and the third end is free. The free end is wrapped
around the tool joint, and the cathead pulls the chain off the joint, causing the
joint to spin (turn) rapidly and tighten up. After the chain is pulled off the
joint, the tongs are secured in the same spot, and the continued pull on the
chain (and thus on the tongs) by the cathead makes up the joint to final
tightness.
Spinning line
A wire rope or chain that is wrapped round a section of pipe and used to
screw (or spin up) the section into another section.
Spinning tong
An air operated power tong used to spin up pipe.
Splash zone
The area where waves of ocean or lake strike the support members of
offshore platforms and production installations; the water line. The splash
zone is particularly subject to corrosion because of the action of both (salt)
water and air.
Spud
To begin drilling; to start the hole.
Spudding in
The process of starting to drill a well by making a hole in the sea-bed
using a large diameter bit.
Spur line
A small diameter underwater pipeline connecting a production or drilling
platform to a terminal platform, on-field storage facility, or main pipeline to
the shore.
Squeeze
An operation whereby cement is injected under pressure between the
casing and the well bore at a particular depth.
Squeeze cementing
The forcing of cement slurry by pressure to specified points in a well
to cause seals at the points of squeeze. It is a secondary cementing method
that is used to isolate a producing formation, seal off water, repair casing
leaks, and so forth. See cementing.
SSB (USBL)
Super Short Baseline. Generally used to define very short range acoustic
positioning systems.
Stab
To guide the end of a pipe into a coupling or tool joint when making up
a connection. See coupling and tool joint.
Stabbing
Inserting the threaded end of a pipe or rod into the coupling at the end
of another pipe or rod.
Stabbing board
A retractable platform in the upper part of the derrick on which the
derrick man stands in order to align two sections of pipe which are to be
joined.
Stabiliser
A tower designed to separate the high vapour pressure of gasoline
products during the refining process.
Stabiliser placement
The distance above the drilling bit at which the stabiliser is located
on the drilling column.
Stabiliser sleeve
A bushing the size of the borehole inserted in the drill column to help
maintain a vertical hole, to hold the bit on course.
Stabiliser tower
A fractionating column used to lower the vapour pressure of gasoline
products during the refining process.
Stack
A method fundamental to seismic in which adjacent traces or channels are
added to enhance signal and reduce noise.
Stake a well
To locate precisely on the surface of the ground the point at which a
well is to be drilled. After exploration techniques have revealed the possibility
of the existence of a subsurface, hydrocarbon-bearing formation, a certified
and registered land surveyor drives a stake into the ground to mark the spot
where the well is to be drilled.
Stand
The connected points of pipe racked in the derrick or mast when making a
trip.
Stand of pipe
A length of drill pipe, tubing or other pipe consisting of one or more
sections that is stood, racked or hung in a derrick during drilling operations.
Stand pipe
The rigid pipe that conducts the drilling mud up the derrick into the
rotary hose.
Stand-by boat
A boat (often a converted fishing boat) which maintains permanent
station near an offshore structure in order to provide support facilities in an
emergency.
Static electricity
The accumulation of an electric charge caused by friction on materials
which are, bad conductors of electricity. If the charge builds up to a
sufficient value, it may cause a spark which constitutes a hazard in the
vicinity of flammable or explosive vapours.
Station (tide)
A place where tidal observations are obtained. It is a primary tide
station when continuous observations are available for a sufficient number of
years to determine the characteristic tide features for the locality. A
secondary tide station is operated during a short period of time to obtain data
for specific purpose.
STCW CODE 1978 AS AMENDED 1995
Commonly know as the STCW9S code, this is the International Maritime
Organisations Standard for Training Certification and Watchkeeping. All
maritime personnel who fall under the jurisdiction of AM SA and Marine Orders
must be qualified to this standard by February 2002.
Steam trap
A device which permits the discharge of water arising from condensed
steam from pipelines, heat exchangers, etc, without a loss of steam.
Steel jacket
The steel lattice structure used to support an offshore steel platform.
Steel platform
See jacket platform.
Step out well
A well drilled beyond the proven limits of a field to investigate a
possible extension to that field; sometimes called an out step well.
Stills
A still is an image captured using an underwater camera and stored on
film until processed.
Stimulation
Any process undertaken to enlarge old channels or create new ones in the
producing formation of a well (e.g., acidising or formation fracturing). See
acidise.
Stinger
The boom used to lower an underwater pipeline onto the sea-bed from a
lay barge.
Stock
See inventory.
Storm force winds
Winds of Beaufort force 12 or above (> 63 knots).
Strata
Successive layers of sediments or sedimentary rock; singular.
Stratification
The natural layering or lamination characteristic of sediments and
sedimentary rocks.
Stratigraphic trap
A trap formed at the time the sediments containing it were actually laid
down rather than by subsequent tectonic processes.
Streamer (cable)
The underwater acoustic receiver for seismic methods, towed subsurface
behind the vessel; hundreds of metres or kilometres long, it is a major
hardware investment, high resolution or 2D vessels tow, 3D vessels tow two or
more.
String
The entire length of casing, tubing, or drill pipe run into a hole; the
casing string. Compare drill string and drill stem.
String up
To thread the drilling line through the sheaves of the crown block and
travelling block. One end of the line is secured to the hoisting drum and the
other to the derrick substructure. See sheave.
Structural trap
A trap produced by the distortion of once horizontal strata by some
tectonic process(es).
Structure Name
The name of a particular instance of a structure type is a Structure
Name. Subtructures and Components attached to this structure are stored in the
Hierarchical Tree. e.g. West Kingfish is an Oil and Gas production Jacket in
the Bass Straits. Its Structure Type is Jacket and its Structure Name is West
Kingfish.
StructureType
Inspection Manager can record data for a variety of Structures and Sub-
structures. Within Inspection Manager Eventing Module "Structure
Type" refers to the specific class of structure being inspected. Tasks may
be assigned to any item under the Structure Type entry in the tree. e.g.
Jackets, Concrete Gravity Structures, Monopod's and Pipelines are all Structure
Types.
Stuck pipe
Drill pipe, drill collars, casing or tubing that has inadvertently
become immobile in the hole. It may occur when drilling is in progress, when
casing is being run in the hole, or when the drill pipe is being hoisted.
Styrene
An important ethylene-based monomer used in a wide variety of petrochemical
processes, e.g. the manufacture of polystyrene and synthetic rubber.
Sub-basin
A synclinal structure contained within a basin. A basin may contain one
or more sub-basins.
Sublimate
A solid obtained by the condensation of vapour without passing through
the liquid state.
Submersible drilling rig
An offshore drilling structure with several compartments that are
flooded to cause the structure to submerge and rest on the sea floor. Most
submersible rigs are used only in shallow waters.
Subsea completion
The process of installing a subsea, or ocean floor, wellhead.
Subsea wellhead
A wellhead installed on the sea floor and controlled remotely from a
platform, or floating production facility, or from land.
Substructure
The support frame of an offshore platform on which the derrick, engines,
quarters, helicopter pad, cranes, etc., are installed.
Sub-structures/Components
The structure to be inspected may be much defined in as much detail as
required. Any item under the Structure Name in the hierarchical tree may be
either a Sub-structure or a Component of the Structure.
Sucker rod
Steel rod which, together with other rods, will form a string that
connects the pump inside a well's tubing downhole to the pumping jack on the
surface.
Suction pit
The mud pit from which mud is picked up by the suction of the mud pumps;
also called a sump pit and mud suction pit.
Sulpholane
A cyclic aliphatic compound containing sulphur that is used as a
selective solvent for the separation of aromatic and aliphatic compounds.
Sulpholene
A cyclic addition compound of butadiene and sulphur dioxide which can be
hydrogenated to produce sulpholane.
An element that is present in some crude oil and natural gas as an
impurity in the form of its various compounds.
Sump
A shallow pipe, well or tank used to hold superfluous liquids or
slurries.
Supply base
An onshore base from which supply boats operate.
Supply boat
A specially designed vessel to ferry supplies, material and equipment to
and from offshore structures.
Support vessel
A specially designed vessel that provides a range of safety and support
facilities on an offshore field.
Surface casing
See surface pipe.
Surface pipe
The first string of casing (after the conductor pipe) that is set in a
well, varying in length from a few hundred to several thousand feet. Compare conductor pipe.
Surge
A sudden change in flow, liquid level, temperature or pressure, etc. in
a pipeline or vessel.
Suspend
To leave a productive well safely closed in for a prolonged period.
Often done after the drilling phase but before the completion and christmas
tree are installed, until more wells are available for completion.
Swab valve
The top valve in the christmas tree, through which wireline work is
carried out.
Swabbing
Inward fluid flow caused by pulling equipment out of a fluid-filled bore
hole.
Swage
A heavy, steel tool, tapered at one end, used to force open casing that
has collapsed downhole in a well.
Swage nipple
An adaptor; a short pipe fitting, a nipple, that is a different size on
each end, e.g. two inch to three inch; two inch to four inch.
Sweet crude
Crude oil with a low sulphur content.
Swivel
The rotating coupling which connects the rotary hose to the drill
string.
Syncline
A tectonic structure in which strata are folded so as to form a dip or
bowl (i.e. concave on top).
Synthetic natural gas (SNG)
Gas manufactured from coal or oil that has the same basic chemical
composition and burning characteristics as natural gas.
Synthetic rubber
Rubber that is manufactured from petrochemicals rather than obtained
naturally from rubber trees.
System of sounding
lines
The predetermined lines that the survey vessel is to follow for the best
development of the depth contours in an area.
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